Raw Pet Foods
AVMA and AAHA Partnership
On July 18, 2012 the and American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) announced the formation of partnerships o in preventive health care for pets in order to address the declining health of the nation's pets. Members of the partnership include the American Veterinary Medical Association, the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA), Association of the American Veterinary Medical Colleges, and health industry leaders including Abbott Animal Health ,Banfield Pet Hospital, their healthcare LLC animal health division, Boehringer-Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc, ButlerSchein Animal Health, Elanco Animal Health, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Merek Animal Health, Merial,MVVI Veterinary Supply, Novartis Animal Health US Inc., Pfizer Animal Health and Veterinary Pet Insurance all sponsoring initiative at various levels. This partnership was formed because of a decrease in regular veterinary visits and an increase in preventable illnesses in dogs and cats.
On July 18, 2012 the and American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) announced the formation of partnerships o in preventive health care for pets in order to address the declining health of the nation's pets. Members of the partnership include the American Veterinary Medical Association, the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA), Association of the American Veterinary Medical Colleges, and health industry leaders including Abbott Animal Health ,Banfield Pet Hospital, their healthcare LLC animal health division, Boehringer-Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc, ButlerSchein Animal Health, Elanco Animal Health, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Merek Animal Health, Merial,MVVI Veterinary Supply, Novartis Animal Health US Inc., Pfizer Animal Health and Veterinary Pet Insurance all sponsoring initiative at various levels. This partnership was formed because of a decrease in regular veterinary visits and an increase in preventable illnesses in dogs and cats.
A task
force assembled by the American Animal Hospital Association and the American Veterinary
Medical Association developed and
approved concise easy to understand
comprehensive preventive health care guidelines for dogs and cats. For
more information visit the website www.PetHealthPartnership
At the AVMA
2012regular annual session passed
resolution five, that the AVMA discourages the feeding to cats and dogs of any
animal based protein source that has not first been subjected to a process to
eliminate pathogens because of the risk of illness to cats and dogs as well as
humans.
AAHA has
come out with a similar statement indicating raw protein diets are now
demonstrated to be a health risk for several groups:
·
the pets consuming the diet
·
Other animals in contact with those pets
·
humans, and family members
·
The public
Bacterial Contamination of Pet Food
All raw food will
contain live microorganisms. The significance of these bacteria and their
importance in either preserving the health or causing illness in the animals
ingesting them is the subject of great debate. As complex life forms evolved a relationship
with the microbial organisms within the environment developed. This
relationship is intricate and can be both beneficial and destructive. During
the evolutionary process, life forms developed a symbiotic
relationship with the microbial organisms within its environment. This
relationship is extremely complex and we're just beginning to understand it now.
A study published
in 1993, Stone et al utilizing the techniques available to them found that the Salmonella serovares isolated from the
dogs feces were identical to those found in the raw diet. Dogs that were
clinically ill showed a similar pattern. Clostridium
perfringens endotoxin was also found in the diuretic feces its role in the
gastro enteritis was not investigated. Verotoxin (E. coli O157:H7) was not
found. Although this trial demonstrated a clear relationship between Salmonella and gastroenteritis in greyhounds
several questions still remain unanswered. The age, the training level, and
racing records and reproductive status were not identified for any dogs in the
study, so one cannot answer the question whether stress was a predisposing
factor. Also the authors commented on the potential risk that dog handlers were
under, but no attempt was made to investigate whether the kennel personnel ever
became sick or were carriers of Salmonella.
(Stone, G. G, Chengappa, M.M., Oberst, R.D. et al. application of polymerase
chain reaction for the correlation of salmonella
serovars recovered from Greyhound feces with their diet .J Vet Diagn Invest
1993 5:378-385. Is about as an
A review article in 1976 indicates that the widespread and
natural occurrence of canine subclinical
Salmonella infections is well
documented. This is attributed to coprophagia and eating carrion. This review
referenced published papers that go as far back as 1948 (Wolff A.H., Henderson
N.D., and MacCallum G.I. Salmonella
from dogs and the possible relationship of salmonellosis in man Amer J Pub Hlth.
38: 403-498 1948) the authors conclude that dog can harbor 53 salmonella sero types with a prevalence
of as high as 27%. Most cases in dogs are subclinical... The most common
etiological agents are S. typhimurium
and S anatum (Morse E.V., Duncan D.A.,
and Ester D.A. et al Canine Salmonellosis: A review and report of dog to child
transmission of Salmonella enteriditis.
AJPH Vol66:82-84 1976
In an article published in 2001 expressing public health
concerns associated with feeding raw meat diets to dogs reflects more into the
practices and level of hygiene associated with slaughter animals intended for
human consumption. In general the meat products not intended for human
consumption are rendered and made available as dry meal to the dry pet food manufacturers.
This article covers a wide variety of potentially infectious and parasitic
diseases present in the meat generated from our packing plants and fish. The authors’
conclusions are never to feed raw meat or fish and limit access to carrion and
hunting. They encourage the feeding of commercial pet foods as an excellent
source of nutrition (LeJeune J.T.and Hancock D.D. public health concerns
associated with eating raw meat diets to dogs JAVMA Vol2191222-1225, 2001)
An article on
systemic salmonellosis in two cats fed raw meat diet is often quoted as
evidence that feeding raw meat-based diets to cats can result in clinical
salmonellosis. What this case study does not report is the number of cats in
the household being fed the diet, the number of people in the house exposed to
these cats, and whether Salmonella was
cultured from other areas of the house, and whether these cats were housed
indoors or outdoors. This report does however indicate that salmonella in cats is considered
uncommon disease and clinical cases are
often associated with some kind of stress either another disease, infection or environmental (Stiver S.L.,Fraizier K.S.,
Mauel M.J. and Styer E.L. J Am Animal Hosp Assoc 39:538-542, 2003)
Research was conducted in
Minneapolis-St. Paul area looking at the availability brands, salmonella contamination and labeling of
raw pet food. Sixty raw meat diets were purchased representing 11 brands. These
diets were raw frozen, dehydrated or freeze-dried. The protein sources
represented where lamb, beef, chicken or duck. None of the stores provided food
borne illness warnings. On the label nutritional adequacy by formulation only
and the cautionary statements varied. 71% of the diets tested positive for salmonella. The authors recommended that
warning statement be included on all labels. No mention was made as to how the
meats were handled after the animals were slaughtered and what meat was used in
the raw diets. (Mehlenbacher S., Churchill J., K.E., Bender J.B. availability,
brands, labelling and salmonella contamination of raw pet food in the
Minneapolis St. Paul area. Zoonoses Public health2012 10: 1883-2378
In another study 240 raw
samples from 20 raw meat diets 20 samples from 2 dry dog foods and 20 from 2
canned dog foods were purchased commercially on 4 dates to one apart. 53% of
all products cultures non type specific
Ecolab during at least one culture period, 5.9% of raw diet contained Salmonella enteric. Their conclusion was
that bacterial contamination is common in raw diets (Strohmeyer R.A., Morley
P.S. Hyatt D. R. et al 2006. Evaluation of bacterial and protozoa contamination
of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Ass VOl228
(4):537-42
A review article in 2006
indicates a lack of information exists on how natural pet treats and raw food
diets can affect the health of pets and owners. An estimated 1% of reported cases of Salmonella annually are related to contact with companion animals.
As of 2006 raw pet foods have not been associated salmonellosis in humans ,
the authors also indicate the risk to human posed by handling and feeding of
pet treats and raw food diets remains
unqualified suggesting the reasons are lack of clinical symptoms in dogs
and cats shedding salmonella, the underreporting of health risks by those in
human medicine and veterinary medicine, the expense of culturing and
susceptibility testing and a lack of a formal system for collecting data on zoonosis
in companion animals. This does not hold true for the cases of human salmonella
associated with dry dog foods where the cases have been identified and the
source of salmonella identified. The authors
go on to describe ways in which to increase to probability of proving a
health risk exists.(Finley R., Reid-Smith
R., Weese J.S. 2006 Human Health Implications of Salmonella contaminated
Natural Pet treats and Raw Food Clinical Infectious Diseases 42:686-91)
The authors of another review
article published in 2011 concluded “Clearly, there is some compelling evidence may
be a theoretical risk nutritionally. Although the authors state that raw
food poses a substantial risk of infectious diseases of the pet, the pets
environment and the humans, level 1 and level 2 evidence is still needed
(SchlesingerD.P. and Joffe S.j. 2011,Raw food diets in companion animal: A
critical review. Can Vet J 52 54—53.
Study
|
Design
|
Results
|
Conclusions
|
Leonard E K. et Al 2011Zoonoses and public Health
58:140-149
|
Cross sectional design
|
23.2% of dogs had one sample positive
|
Highlight the potential health risks of feeding raw animal products
|
Oct 2005 to MAY2006 138 dogs from84 households
|
25% of the households had at least one dog shedding
|
||
5 consecutive
daily fecal samples from each dog samples
|
12 serotypes of S.entericasubsp.
enterica identified
|
||
Serotypes Typhimurium (33.3%), Kentucky (15.4%)
Brandenburg 15.4%, Heidelberg(12.8%)
|
|||
Risk Factors:
Livestock contact. Probiotics previous 30 days, commercial,
raw or homemade dog food
More than 1 dog
In a 2 variable model only raw animal products were
significant
|
|||
Finley R. et al 2008 Zooonoses and Public Health55:462-469
|
166 commercial frozen raw food diets randomly
selected from local pet stores in 3 Canadian
cities for a period of 8 months
|
The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 21%: 67% of diets contained chicken
|
Demonstrates
risk of raw food diets and the need for implementing regulatory guide lines for the production of these
diets to control and eliminate bacterial risk associated with their
consumption
|
18 serotypes
|
|||
Resistant to 12 of 16 antimicrobials tested
|
Finley et al 2007 Can Vet J 48(1):69-75
|
16 dog were fed Salmonella
contaminated commercial raw food
diets
12 Salmonella
free commercial raw food diets
|
Seven exposed dogs shed Salmonella 1-7 days after consumption
Five of the
seven shed the same serotype as diet and 2 of the seven had same serotype and
a antimicrobial resistance pattern
|
Dogs fed salmonella
contaminated raw food can shed and therefor may be a source of contamination
|
SinellH.J.,Klingbeill H., Benner M 1984 J of Food
Protection 46(6):482-484
|
408 sample s of liver, lung, bovine rumen and pig oesophagus examined over a 26 month period from slaughter
animal judged suitable for human consumption
|
56.6%had 24 types of Salmonella S. typhimurium the most prevalent 8 strains of var Copenhagen
most frequent was pig esophagus lest frequent was pig liver and bovine rumen
|
|
Morley et al 2006 J Am. Vet Med Ass 228(10):1524
1532
|
Cross sectional study
Food fecal and environmental sample s collected and
cultured for Salmonella
Isolates serotyped and tested for susceptibility to
16 antimicrobial plus PFGE, ribotping
|
S. enterica
isolated from 6% of all samples and 93% of fecals 94.3% Serotype Newport 87%
had identical resistance. Multiple strains cultured from the raw food
|
Raw food was likely the source
|
Wong T L 2007J Applied Micro1103(4):803-807
|
300 sample from imported and domestic pet chews were
cultured for Salmonella
|
5.3% of imported and 6.7 % of the domestic chews
were contaminated
|
Imported pet chews
are a source of novel pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant Salmonella
Contaminated pet chew a are potential source of Salmonella
|
Table 1 Peer reviewed articles on microbial contamination of raw pet foods
A Survey of Some Popular Raw
Food Manufacturers about Quality Control, Safety and Nutritional Adequacy
Preamble to
Survey:
Research
indicates that the link between the feeding of raw diets (which contain
bacteria such as E.coli and Salmonella rarely pathogenic) and disease in the
pets or their owners is very weak , yet the link between the feeding of dry kibble
and clinical cases of salmonella in humans is well documented. I am contacting
you as a member of CARPFM (Canadian Association of Raw Pet Food Manufacturers)
or a raw pet food manufacturer outside Canada, to ask if you will answer the
following questions ( I appreciate that you may not want to reveal some of this
information for business reasons
1) The practices you have put in place to insure there is minimal
bacterial contamination of your finished product?
·
www.reddogdeli.com> All our
materials come primarily from federally inspected facilities that are required
to do pathogen testing. Processing for all products is done in a
temperature-controlled environment (below 40 degrees) to prevent bacteria
growth and flash-frozen. Our facility is cleaned and sanitized on a daily
basis. We do random batch testing with an independent lab to ensure this is
effective. We are currently working on setting up in house testing so we can do
basic pathogen testing on every batch.-
·
www.sojos.com
We have a proprietary process that involves sterilizing and testing the frozen
meat and then testing again after the freeze drying process to ensure the
absence of food borne pathogens.
·
K9natural: Human food
hygiene standards are followed in the k9 factory
·
www.artisanrawdogfood.com My
product is produced in a provincially inspected plant and we use only human
grade products. My product is as safe or safer than eating any meat from any
grocery store
·
Mountain Dog
Food:: We use fresh product shipped to
us from federally regulated plants that
would otherwise be destined for the human consumable ,market. The product is
held at temperatures that limit bacterial growth throughout the process and
processed in time frames that limit growth
·
Spring Meadows : As the
Canadian Pet Food Industry continues to grow across Canada, the Canadian
Association of Raw Pet Food Manufactures has announced the implementation of a
new “Good Manufacturing Practices Recognized Quality Standards” initiative. This initiative provides an accomplished
measure of Pet Food Safety and Quality Programming within the Canadian Raw Pet
Food Industry.
·
www.naturesvariety.com:Instinct® Raw is made in the Midwest in our
company-owned manufacturing facility. We utilize robust systems to ensure the
quality and safety of all of our foods, including Sanitation Standard Operating
Procedures (SSOP’s), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP’s), A Hazard Analysis
& Critical Control Points (HACCP) program, regular lot segregation, and
other human food industry best practices. As part of our food safety protocols,
we also utilize a 100% natural process called High Pressure Processing (HPP) to
ensure food safety. This USDA-approved process kills pathogenic bacteria under
pressurized chilled water, so the food is quality assured to be safe without
being cooked. In addition to the steps lis All of our poultry, pork, bison, and
beef come from the U.S. and our lamb and venison are imported from Australia
and New Zealand. Our vegetables and fruits are sourced from the U.S., Europe,
and the Middle East, depending on the ingredients. Our grains and starches are
sourced from the U.S., Canada, and Brazil - herbs and spices from North
America, Europe, and the Middle East. Our pharmaceutical grade vitamins and
minerals are from North America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The rabbit
protein we use in our raw diet is from China. The rabbit in our canned is sourced
from Italy and China, while the rabbit in our kibble is from France. We employ
a U.S. educated food scientist in China to oversee our rabbit sourcing. All
rabbit protein is tested before shipment from China and again after it arrives
in the U.S. for processing into our raw diet. We are very confident in how we
handle our sourcing from China. We source most of our ingredients from the U.S.
and turn to other locations only as needed. We are very stringent on our
sourcing and have good relationships built with our vendors for quality
ingredients.ted above,
2) Do test for bacterial contamination, how and have you set an acceptable
level?
·
www.reddogdeli.com We do testing
for salmonella, Ecoli and listeria on random batches using a
human-food laboratory. These test return positive or negative. Positive results
means the batch cannot go out to market.
·
www.sojos.com According to
FDA standards there is no acceptable level for pet foods so we operate on a
zero tolerance
·
K9natural: Every batch
is tested for enterobacteriaceae (< 300), e-coli 0157:h7 (nil), salmonella
(nil),
·
www.artisanrawdogfood.com We do
not test. However, we use the same health standards used for making human grade
food and we wash rinse and sanitize all equipment after each use.
·
Mountain Dog
Food:: Yes, we have monitoring program
that uses ongoing sampling to identify inadequacies in our process program.
While we do not inspect each batch, we do continual environmental and product
sampling.
·
Spring Meadows: Yes we test
weekly for bacteria. We used the same
standards that are set out in human consumption. With the GMP (Good Manufacturing Practises)
program we have implemented cleaning procedures and testing procedures for the
whole Plant and the equipment inside it along with procedures for handling
product.
·
www.naturesvariety.com: Nature’s Variety utilizes a “test and hold” protocol to ensure
that all raw products test negative for harmful bacteria before being released
for sale. Finally, we stand behind our products with a 100% Satisfaction
Guarantee. To learn more about Nature’s Variety’s extensive food safety and
quality protocols, please visithttp://www.naturesvariety.com/learning/raw/quality.
3) Have you discussed food safety and asked for assistance from
any federal or provincial agency?
·
www.reddogdeli.com We have been
working with other members of the Canadian Association of Raw Pet Food
Manufacturers to put together guidelines for the industry. These guidelines
were made with recommendations from the CFIA in Alberta. We are currently in
the process of working with the BC Food Safety Council to set up inspections
for our facility.
·
www.sojos.com : We have documented Good Manufacturing Practices and Hazard
Control Protocol to ensure safe manufacturing. We are periodically inspected by
the USDA and our state veterinarian
·
K9natural: all supply plants, production facilities, transport
operators and storage facilities of product are controlled by nzfsa (New Zealand
food safety authority) under a risk management programme. Major factory audits
are carried out every 6 months and inspections every month.
·
Mountain Dog
Food:: Most if not all of our people
have taken programs offered by the Alberta Food Processors association as it
relates to HACCP function, and operation. Using their very well put together
online learning tool our people understand what good bacterial control is and
how it works. Through these programs we have reduced environmental bacterial
loads to acceptable levels and can now say that we maintaining them at those
levels.
·
Spring Meadows: We employed
the Food Development Centre in Saskatoon to help us set up and implement our
GMP program.
4) Have you ever had your plant
inspected or sample take for culture for a retail store or your manufacturing
plant?
·
www.sojos.com: Yes, USDA
takes random samples of product from the plant and from retail stores. We also
have our facilities inspected and testing by a 3rd party lab.
·
K9natural:None
·
www.artisanrawdogfood.com : The plant is inspected by Calgary Health
region in accordance with their routine checks of all food production plants.
·
Mountain Dog
Food:: As part of the Canadian
Association of Raw Pet Food Manufactures we have adopted their program of
guidelines for production of raw pet food. Mountain Dog Food was instrumental
in designing and writing these guidelines. As part of the guidelines we are expected
to challenge the inspections process that includes a scoring done by a third
party inspector (we use the Alberta Food Processors inspections group). There
are no government agencies that will or can do this job
·
Spring
Meadows: Yes we have as a member in good
standing of the CARPFM we have to have an annual inspection( by a third party
auditor) and pass the inspection with a minimum of 85% to be able to display
the associations logo on any advertising or packaging. We passed our last inspection with a 95.5%.
5) Have you ever recalled any of
your products and if so why?
·
sojos.com: No
·
K9natural: None
·
www.artisanrawdogfood.com Never
recalled but I have kept some product back that was partially thawed
·
Mountain Dog
Food:: We have never had a recall… or
recalled any production
·
Spring Meadows: No we
haven’t recalled any product as of yet.
We have a Recall Procedure in place that coincides with batch,
production and best before dates.
6) How do you test for the
nutritional adequacy of your products?
·
www.sojos.com: We use biochemical lab analysis in order to certify that our
diets meet or exceed the AAFCO nutrient profiles.
·
K9natural: firstly with the aid of certain software a product formulation is
constructed which will enable a meeting of affco nutritional profiles to be
achieved. Thereafter lab testing further confirms this in addition to any nrc guildlines as per 2010 publication. As a company k9 natural is also conducting
feeding trials via Massey university (following affco protocols)
·
www.artisanrawdogfood.com: We have done two things. Firstly we balance our product based on a prey model for
bone, fat, meat, offal and vegetables. We also double grind our veggies so they
are more bioavailable to the dogs. In addition we use multiple sources of protein
so that the dog gets white meats, red meats, veggies, salmon, offal, eggs, etc.
Each puck is completely balanced. The second way is that when coming up with
the formula we used the tests according to the AAFCO feeding trial tests. We
have had more than 30 dogs fed our food for over 6 month and maintain or
improve their health.
·
Mountain Dog
Food:: We have a blending program we
developed internally, that can identify with very respectable accuracy the
nutrient profile of our blends. This is then compared to the AFFCO, NRC, (and
old CVMA) standards to ensure we are within parameters or identify short
comings that may need to be addressed depending on the goals of the formula.Most
of our products have been in the market for a decade and we have yet to see any
feedback indicating deficiencies.Our biggest concern is that many of the
nutrient minimum levels are set not as a function of need but to cover up the
short comings in the dietary sources. When we put together our nutrient profile
and did some investigative work of whole animal studies we were a bit shocked
to learn that no animal exists, or mixture of animals, could be blended to meet
the standards. It was only after the fact that we realized, that it appears,
some of the standard was set to 'improve' the nutrient take up of nutritional
sources. So we are sceptical of its value (the standards) and its origins.
·
Spring Meadows: We employ
Sun West Labs to do our nutritional analysis and the Food Development Centre to
do the shelf life analysis.
7) Any
additional comments would be welcome
·
www.reddogdeli.com We used non-medicated meats because we believe that animals
raised in natural conditions are less likely to be ill or have a high pathogen
count. For poultry for example, free-run/free-range poultry is much less likely
to have salmonella and the strands it may carry would not be anti-biotic
resistant.
Salmonella Recalls Associated with Dry Pet Foods
A case control study of S. schwarzengrund primarily in young children was the first
reported incident in dry pet food. 79 patients in 21 states were identified 48%
were 2yrs old or younger This study covered 3 years and centered around one pet
food manufacturer and the organism was cultured from the enrobing/flavour room.
This plant recalled 105 of dry cat and
dog foods before permanently closing.(Jones T., Ingram L.A.; Fullerton K.E. e tal.
www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2006-1218.
The most resent recall involved dry dog and cat food with 49 human cases
reported.These
illnesses came after the recall of at least 11 brands of dry dog food that were
all manufactured at Diamond Pet Foods' plant in Gaston, South
Carolina, USA. Lab tests confirmed that those sick were infected with a rare
strain of Salmonella infantis, which was linked to the outbreak using
DNA fingerprints of the bacteria. Those infected became ill between October 8,
2011, and April 22. Total human cases reported in the USA include three in
North Carolina, three in Missouri, two in Ohio, two in Pennsylvania, and one
each in Alabama, Connecticut, Michigan, New Jersey and Virgina (PET Food
Industry news release http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/dog-food-05-12/index.html (http://www.petfoodindustry.com/Default.aspx?pageid=5307&id=46583&terms=salmonella)
(http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/dog-food-05-12/index.html).
Discussion
Although I have not done an extensive literature
search I found many peer reviewed scientific articles about the contamination
of raw dog foods with Salmonella appearing
as early as 1949. None of these articles found human illnesses associated with
this contamination as many of the Salmonella
were considered non-pathogenic as opposed to the human cases associated
with dry pet foods. One has to ask why the sudden flurry of activity in making
strong accusations and recommendations about the risk of raw pet foods by the
AVMA and AAHA. I believe if recommendations are to be made they should be made
for all pet foods no matter how they are manufactured
Pet food or Home Food For Dogs is plant or animal material intended for consumption by pets. It can be found in pet stores and supermarkets, it is usually specific to the type of animal, such as dog food or cat food. Most meat used for nonhuman animals is a byproduct of the human food industry.
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